| Sexual Orientation: an
enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones' own sex
(homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).
Biological Correlates
of Homosexuality
Brain differences:
*Hypothalamic brain cluster is larger in straight men than in
women and gay men.
*Corpus callosum is larger in gay men than in women or straight men.
Genetic influences:
*Shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than
fraternal twins.
*Sexual attraction in male fruit flies can be genetically manipulated.
Prenatal hormones:
*Altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in
humans and other animals.
*Men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay.
Other observed gay-straight differences that may be due to
biology:
*spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge counts, auditory system,
handedness, occupational preferences, relative finger lengths, gender
nonconformity, age of male puberty, and male body size.
THE NEED TO BELONG
Affiliation Needs: our need to feel connected and to identify with
others. This boosted our ancestors' chances of survival and is
therefore part of our human nature.
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MOTIVATION AT WORK
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology: the application of
psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the
workplace.
Personnel Psychology: a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses
on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and
development.
Organizational Psychology: a subfield of I/O psychology that
examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and
productivity and facilitates organizational change.
Human Factors Psychology: a subfield of I/O psychology which
explores how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit
human abilities and expectations.
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
Achievement Motivation: a desire for significant accomplishment: for
mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.
Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior for its own
sake and to be effective.
Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior due to
promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Task Leadership: goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.
Social Leadership: group-oriented leadership that builds
teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
Theory X: assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone,
and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed from
above.
Theory Y: assumes that, given challenges and freedom, workers are
motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and
creativity. |