|
Classical (Pavlovian)
Conditioning |
Operant
Conditioning |
The Response |
Involuntary; automatic |
Voluntary: the behavior "operates" on
(affects) the environment |
Acquisition |
Associating events in the environment; the CS announces
the UCS (i.e., the bell "announces" the food). |
Associating a behavioral response with a consequence
(either a reinforcer or a punisher). |
Extinction |
The CR (salivation) decreases when the CS (bell) is
repeatedly presented, but not followed by the UCS (food) |
The behavior decreases when reinforcement stops.
(Don’t forget, however, that the
behavior will probably increase in frequency prior to extinction.) |
Cognitive Processes |
Subjects develop an "expectation" that
the CS (bell) signals the imminent arrival of the UCS (food) |
Subjects develop an "expectation" that
a behavioral response will be reinforced or punished. |
Biological
Predispositions |
Natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and
responses can easily be associated. |
Organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural
behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural
ones. |